Biodegradable X-ray markers of controlled radio-opacity

Abstract

In order to analyze X-ray markers for potential use in biodegradable implants or radiostereogrammatic analysis (RSA), we combined iopromide contrast fluid with biodegradable calcium phosphate cement. The radio-opacity of 10×10 mm markers containing different iodine concentrations (0, 120, 240, 360 and 720 mg per gram cement) was compared to an aluminium wedge of increasing (1–10 mm) thickness. The addition of iopromide increased the radio-opacity in a dose-dependent manner, which was comparable to 9-mm aluminium at concentrations of 240–720 mg/g. Radiographs of markers placed in explanted rabbit and in human femora were made to investigate the clinical accuracy for position determination. Markers of 1×1 mm (120 mg/g) were clearly discernable in all femora, and could be used to adequately measure distances of 5–45 mm (accuracy 0.10–2.19 mm). These markers might be embedded in biodegradable implants or used as temporary markers in the bone to analyze postoperative position on radiographs.